Role Dimension

Author

Community Insights Group

Published

March 30, 2026

Role Experience

Role experience is defined as an individual’s multidimensional appraisal of the position within an organizational context, encompassing five interrelated dimensions. Together, these dimensions capture both structural (ambiguity, conflict) and relational (valuation, stress) facets of how individuals subjectively experience and navigate their professional roles within organizational systems. In more detail:

  • Role Ambiguity: Uncertainty regarding role expectations, responsibilities, and performance criteria;
  • Role Conflict: Experience of incompatible demands or expectations arising from multiple role senders or competing role requirements;
  • Role Valuation: Perceived extent to which one’s role contributions are recognized, respected, and supported by the organization; and
  • Role Stress: Emotional and cognitive strain arising from systemic tensions inherent to the role.

In our study Role Ambiguity and Conflict were measured using a selection of seven items from Schuler’s scale (e.g., “My role boundaries are undefined”, “I feel pulled between incompatible demands or expectations of my leadership and of affected communities”; for more details see Schuler, R.S., Aldag, R.J. and Brief, A.P. (1981). Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity: Integration of the Literature and Directions for Future Research. Human Relations, 34(1), pp. 43–71). Role Valuation was measured using a adaptation of four items from the Perceived Organizational Support (POS) scale (e.g., “I feel pulled between incompatible demands or expectations of my leadership and of affected communities”; for more details see Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S. and Sowa, D. (1986) Perceived Organizational Support, Journal of Applied Psychology). Role Stress was measured using four items developed by the study authors to properly represent the emotional and cognitive strain of social performance and human rights professionals (e.g., “I experience anxiety about potential negative impacts on communities”, “I struggle with the pace of decision-making versus community needs”). The items for these four scales were computed into a single composite variable with good to moderate internal consistency (respectively, with Cronbach’s alpha of 0.82, 0.72, 0.71, and 0.61).

Figure 1: Role experience scores (±1 SD) across four dimensions (scale: 1 = Very low to 5 = Very high).
Table 1: Descriptive statistics for role experience dimensions (scale: 1 = Very low to 5 = Very high).
Dimension N Mean SD Min Q1 Median Q3 Max
Ambiguity 281 2.24 0.95 1 1.33 2.00 3.00 5
Conflict 281 2.62 0.93 1 2.00 2.50 3.25 5
Valuation 281 3.48 0.80 1 3.00 3.60 4.00 5
Stress 281 3.25 0.82 1 2.75 3.25 3.75 5
Note: Higher scores are negative for Role Ambiguity, Conflict, and Stress, and positive for Role Valuation.

Role Experience by Gender

Figure 2: Role experience scores across gender (±1 SE). Scale: 1 = Very low, 2 = Low, 3 = Moderate, 4 = High, 5 = Very high.

Role Experience by Age Categories

Figure 3: Role experience scores across age categories (±1 SE). Scale: 1 = Very low, 2 = Low, 3 = Moderate, 4 = High, 5 = Very high.
Table 2: Descriptive statistics for role experience dimensions by age category (SD = Standard Deviation; SE = Standard Error).
Dimension
Age Category
Descriptive Statistics
Dimension Age Category N Mean SD SE Min Q1 Median Q3 Max
Role Ambiguity 35 or younger 30 2.61 1.07 0.20 1.00 1.67 2.50 3.33 5.00
Role Ambiguity 36–50 176 2.25 0.97 0.08 1.00 1.33 2.00 3.00 5.00
Role Ambiguity 51 or older 75 2.06 0.79 0.10 1.00 1.33 2.00 2.67 4.00
Role Conflict 35 or younger 30 2.62 0.99 0.19 1.00 2.00 2.71 3.08 5.00
Role Conflict 36–50 176 2.69 0.90 0.07 1.00 2.00 2.50 3.25 5.00
Role Conflict 51 or older 75 2.46 0.97 0.12 1.00 1.62 2.50 3.00 4.75
Role Stress 35 or younger 30 3.07 0.83 0.16 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.75 5.00
Role Stress 36–50 176 3.32 0.81 0.06 1.00 2.75 3.25 4.00 5.00
Role Stress 51 or older 75 3.15 0.81 0.10 1.25 2.50 3.25 3.75 5.00
Role Valuation 35 or younger 30 3.49 0.90 0.17 1.00 3.00 3.60 4.20 5.00
Role Valuation 36–50 176 3.43 0.79 0.06 1.40 3.00 3.50 4.00 5.00
Role Valuation 51 or older 75 3.62 0.77 0.09 1.80 3.10 3.60 4.20 5.00

Role Experience by Years of Experience

Figure 4: Role experience scores across years of experience categories (±1 SE; non-overlapping SE bars suggest statistically significant differences).
Table 3: Descriptive statistics for role experience dimensions by years of experience (SD = Standard Deviation; SE = Standard Error).
Dimension
Years of Experience
Descriptive Statistics
Dimension Years of Experience N Mean SD SE Min Q1 Median Q3 Max
Role Ambiguity 5 or less 23 2.46 1.18 0.25 1.00 1.33 2.33 3.17 5.00
Role Ambiguity 6–10 52 2.31 0.96 0.13 1.00 1.58 2.00 3.00 4.33
Role Ambiguity 11–20 117 2.25 0.99 0.09 1.00 1.33 2.00 3.00 5.00
Role Ambiguity 21 or more 51 2.03 0.70 0.10 1.00 1.67 2.00 2.50 3.67
Role Conflict 5 or less 23 2.62 1.06 0.22 1.00 1.88 2.25 3.50 4.50
Role Conflict 6–10 52 2.68 0.84 0.12 1.00 2.00 2.75 3.06 5.00
Role Conflict 11–20 117 2.64 0.93 0.09 1.00 2.00 2.50 3.25 5.00
Role Conflict 21 or more 51 2.42 0.97 0.14 1.00 1.75 2.50 3.00 5.00
Role Stress 5 or less 23 3.04 0.70 0.15 2.00 2.58 3.00 3.75 4.25
Role Stress 6–10 52 3.21 0.72 0.10 2.00 2.75 3.25 3.75 4.75
Role Stress 11–20 117 3.29 0.85 0.08 1.50 2.75 3.25 3.75 5.00
Role Stress 21 or more 51 3.23 0.84 0.12 1.25 2.50 3.25 3.88 5.00
Role Valuation 5 or less 23 3.27 0.88 0.18 1.60 2.60 3.00 4.00 5.00
Role Valuation 6–10 52 3.60 0.78 0.11 1.40 3.20 3.80 4.05 5.00
Role Valuation 11–20 117 3.45 0.84 0.08 1.00 2.80 3.60 4.00 5.00
Role Valuation 21 or more 51 3.59 0.71 0.10 1.80 3.20 3.60 4.00 4.80

Role Experience by Residence Region

Figure 5: Role experience scores across residence regions (±1 SE; non-overlapping SE bars suggest statistically significant differences).
Table 4: Descriptive statistics for role experience dimensions by residence region (SD = Standard Deviation; SE = Standard Error).
Dimension
Residence Region
Descriptive Statistics
Dimension Residence Region N Mean SD SE Min Q1 Median Q3 Max
Role Ambiguity Asia 12 1.69 0.63 0.18 1.00 1.00 1.67 2.33 2.33
Role Ambiguity Australia 36 2.36 0.87 0.15 1.00 1.67 2.00 3.00 4.00
Role Ambiguity Canada 10 2.47 1.06 0.33 1.33 1.75 2.17 2.92 5.00
Role Ambiguity Europe/UK 83 2.63 0.94 0.11 1.00 2.00 2.67 3.33 5.00
Role Ambiguity Latin America 41 1.95 0.81 0.13 1.00 1.33 1.83 2.33 4.00
Role Ambiguity Other 5 2.20 0.61 0.27 1.67 1.67 2.00 2.67 3.00
Role Ambiguity Sub-Saharan Africa 61 1.82 0.89 0.12 1.00 1.00 1.33 2.33 4.33
Role Ambiguity USA 15 2.64 1.02 0.29 1.00 2.00 2.67 3.33 4.00
Role Conflict Asia 12 2.44 0.77 0.22 1.00 1.94 2.50 3.00 3.50
Role Conflict Australia 36 2.91 0.89 0.15 1.25 2.25 2.75 3.50 5.00
Role Conflict Canada 10 2.33 1.19 0.38 1.00 1.50 2.50 2.69 5.00
Role Conflict Europe/UK 83 2.72 0.93 0.11 1.00 2.00 2.67 3.50 4.75
Role Conflict Latin America 41 2.28 0.87 0.14 1.00 1.50 2.25 3.00 4.25
Role Conflict Other 5 3.00 0.94 0.42 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.00 4.50
Role Conflict Sub-Saharan Africa 61 2.53 0.93 0.12 1.00 1.75 2.50 3.25 5.00
Role Conflict USA 15 2.64 0.98 0.28 1.00 2.31 2.71 2.81 4.75
Role Stress Asia 12 2.65 0.71 0.21 1.00 2.38 2.75 3.06 3.50
Role Stress Australia 36 3.37 0.77 0.13 2.00 2.75 3.25 4.00 5.00
Role Stress Canada 10 3.20 0.78 0.25 2.25 2.62 3.25 3.25 5.00
Role Stress Europe/UK 83 3.28 0.73 0.08 1.67 2.75 3.25 3.75 5.00
Role Stress Latin America 41 2.91 0.91 0.15 1.25 2.25 3.00 3.50 5.00
Role Stress Other 5 3.60 0.72 0.32 2.75 3.00 3.75 4.00 4.50
Role Stress Sub-Saharan Africa 61 3.37 0.83 0.11 2.00 2.75 3.25 4.00 5.00
Role Stress USA 15 3.12 0.90 0.26 1.67 2.50 3.12 3.50 5.00
Role Valuation Asia 12 3.83 0.77 0.22 3.00 3.15 3.67 4.35 5.00
Role Valuation Australia 36 3.16 0.71 0.12 2.00 2.60 3.20 3.60 4.80
Role Valuation Canada 10 3.50 1.17 0.37 1.00 3.30 3.80 4.30 4.60
Role Valuation Europe/UK 83 3.37 0.76 0.09 1.40 3.00 3.50 4.00 5.00
Role Valuation Latin America 41 3.58 0.73 0.12 1.80 3.00 3.60 4.20 4.80
Role Valuation Other 5 3.60 0.58 0.26 3.20 3.20 3.40 3.60 4.60
Role Valuation Sub-Saharan Africa 61 3.61 0.83 0.11 2.00 2.90 3.80 4.20 5.00
Role Valuation USA 15 3.66 0.93 0.27 2.20 3.00 3.60 4.43 5.00

Role Experience by Education Categories

Figure 6: Role experience scores across education categories (±1 SE; non-overlapping SE bars suggest statistically significant differences).
Table 5: Descriptive statistics for role experience dimensions by education category (SD = Standard Deviation; SE = Standard Error).
Dimension
Education Category
Descriptive Statistics
Dimension Education Category N Mean SD SE Min Q1 Median Q3 Max
Role Ambiguity Bachelor's 47 2.26 0.95 0.14 1.0 1.67 2.00 2.67 5.00
Role Ambiguity Master's 188 2.19 0.94 0.07 1.0 1.33 2.00 3.00 5.00
Role Ambiguity Doctoral 37 2.33 1.02 0.18 1.0 1.67 2.33 3.00 5.00
Role Conflict Bachelor's 47 2.52 0.86 0.13 1.0 2.00 2.50 3.00 4.25
Role Conflict Master's 188 2.64 0.91 0.07 1.0 2.00 2.67 3.25 5.00
Role Conflict Doctoral 37 2.67 1.15 0.20 1.0 1.75 2.75 3.50 5.00
Role Stress Bachelor's 47 3.03 0.74 0.11 1.5 2.50 3.00 3.50 5.00
Role Stress Master's 188 3.27 0.84 0.06 1.0 2.75 3.25 3.81 5.00
Role Stress Doctoral 37 3.42 0.69 0.12 2.0 2.75 3.50 3.75 5.00
Role Valuation Bachelor's 47 3.36 0.78 0.11 1.6 2.80 3.40 4.00 4.60
Role Valuation Master's 188 3.53 0.80 0.06 1.4 3.00 3.60 4.00 5.00
Role Valuation Doctoral 37 3.40 0.84 0.15 1.0 2.80 3.60 4.00 4.80

Role Experience by Employment Status

Figure 7: Role experience scores across employment status categories (±1 SE; non-overlapping SE bars suggest statistically significant differences).
Table 6: Descriptive statistics for role experience dimensions by employment status (SD = Standard Deviation; SE = Standard Error).
Dimension
Employment Status
Descriptive Statistics
Dimension Employment Status N Mean SD SE Min Q1 Median Q3 Max
Role Ambiguity Employed full-time 156 2.19 0.95 0.08 1.00 1.33 2.00 3.00 5.00
Role Ambiguity Employed part-time 18 1.98 0.76 0.18 1.00 1.42 2.00 2.25 3.67
Role Ambiguity Out of work and looking for work 12 2.72 1.04 0.30 1.00 1.92 3.00 3.42 4.00
Role Ambiguity Self-employed 47 2.26 0.90 0.13 1.00 1.50 2.33 3.00 4.00
Role Conflict Employed full-time 156 2.65 0.92 0.07 1.00 2.00 2.50 3.25 5.00
Role Conflict Employed part-time 18 2.31 0.82 0.19 1.00 1.56 2.50 2.94 3.75
Role Conflict Out of work and looking for work 12 3.01 1.15 0.33 1.00 2.56 3.12 3.75 4.67
Role Conflict Self-employed 47 2.37 0.85 0.12 1.00 1.75 2.50 2.88 4.50
Role Stress Employed full-time 156 3.24 0.79 0.06 1.50 2.75 3.25 3.75 5.00
Role Stress Employed part-time 18 3.22 0.73 0.17 2.00 2.56 3.38 3.75 4.50
Role Stress Out of work and looking for work 12 3.53 0.73 0.21 2.50 3.00 3.50 3.81 5.00
Role Stress Self-employed 47 3.15 0.87 0.13 1.25 2.50 3.00 3.75 5.00
Role Valuation Employed full-time 156 3.49 0.83 0.07 1.40 3.00 3.60 4.00 5.00
Role Valuation Employed part-time 18 3.72 0.57 0.14 2.60 3.25 3.90 4.20 4.40
Role Valuation Out of work and looking for work 12 3.03 0.90 0.26 2.00 2.35 3.10 3.45 5.00
Role Valuation Self-employed 47 3.65 0.67 0.10 2.20 3.20 3.60 4.00 5.00

Role Experience by Sector of Activity

Figure 8: Role experience scores across sector of activity categories (±1 SE; non-overlapping SE bars suggest statistically significant differences).
Table 7: Descriptive statistics for role experience dimensions by sector of activity (SD = Standard Deviation; SE = Standard Error).
Dimension
Sector of Activity
Descriptive Statistics
Dimension Sector of Activity N Mean SD SE Min Q1 Median Q3 Max
Role Ambiguity Consultancy 86 2.11 0.96 0.10 1.00 1.33 2.00 2.67 5.00
Role Ambiguity Energy 32 2.32 0.84 0.15 1.00 1.67 2.33 3.00 4.00
Role Ambiguity Financial Institution 17 2.25 0.77 0.19 1.00 1.67 2.00 2.67 4.00
Role Ambiguity Government 13 1.59 0.75 0.21 1.00 1.00 1.33 2.00 3.00
Role Ambiguity Mining and Metals 53 2.38 0.89 0.12 1.00 1.67 2.33 3.00 4.33
Role Ambiguity NGO & Foundation 20 2.65 1.11 0.25 1.00 2.00 2.33 3.67 5.00
Role Conflict Consultancy 86 2.37 0.90 0.10 1.00 1.75 2.50 3.00 4.67
Role Conflict Energy 32 2.62 0.84 0.15 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.50 4.50
Role Conflict Financial Institution 17 2.75 0.97 0.23 1.25 2.25 2.75 3.25 4.67
Role Conflict Government 13 2.62 0.80 0.22 1.25 2.25 2.75 3.00 4.33
Role Conflict Mining and Metals 53 2.81 0.91 0.13 1.00 2.25 2.75 3.25 5.00
Role Conflict NGO & Foundation 20 2.67 0.94 0.21 1.00 1.94 2.88 3.27 4.50
Role Stress Consultancy 86 3.18 0.79 0.09 1.50 2.69 3.25 3.75 5.00
Role Stress Energy 32 3.37 0.72 0.13 2.00 2.75 3.25 3.81 5.00
Role Stress Financial Institution 17 3.30 0.70 0.17 2.00 3.00 3.25 3.75 4.50
Role Stress Government 13 3.06 0.67 0.19 2.00 2.50 3.25 3.50 4.00
Role Stress Mining and Metals 53 3.37 0.80 0.11 1.50 2.75 3.25 4.00 5.00
Role Stress NGO & Foundation 20 2.78 0.80 0.18 1.67 2.44 2.50 3.25 5.00
Role Valuation Consultancy 86 3.74 0.77 0.08 1.60 3.25 3.80 4.20 5.00
Role Valuation Energy 32 3.41 0.69 0.12 2.00 2.95 3.40 4.00 5.00
Role Valuation Financial Institution 17 3.51 0.60 0.15 2.00 3.00 3.60 3.80 4.40
Role Valuation Government 13 3.55 0.85 0.23 2.40 3.00 3.20 4.00 5.00
Role Valuation Mining and Metals 53 3.26 0.73 0.10 2.00 2.60 3.40 3.80 4.60
Role Valuation NGO & Foundation 20 3.49 0.93 0.21 1.60 3.00 3.70 4.20 5.00

Organization Approach to Social and Human Rights

Approach to Social and Human Rights refers to the tension between cuting corners on social and human rights issues and prioritising social and human rights issues. This was measured using a single item developed by the authors (“How does your organization approach social and human rights issues in decision-making?”).

Figure 9: Distribution of approach to social and human rights (average in dashed read; scale: 1 = Pressed to cut corners, 10 = Pressed to prioritise).
Table 8: Descriptive statistics for approach to social and human rights (scale: 1 = Pressed to cut corners, 10 = Pressed to prioritise).
Variable N Mean SD Min Q1 Median Q3 Max
Approach to Social and Human Rights 281 6.2 2.49 1 5 6 8 10

Approach by Gender

Figure 10: Approach to Social and Human Rights scores across gender (±1 SE; non-overlapping SE bars suggest statistically significant differences).

Approach by Age Categories

Figure 11: Approach to Social and Human Rights scores across age categories (±1 SE; non-overlapping SE bars suggest statistically significant differences).
Table 9: Descriptive statistics for Approach to Social and Human Rights by age category (SD = Standard Deviation; SE = Standard Error).
Age Category
Descriptive Statistics
Age Category N Mean SD SE Min Q1 Median Q3 Max
35 or younger 28 6.71 2.69 0.51 1 5.0 6.5 9.25 10
36–50 163 6.12 2.45 0.19 1 4.5 6.0 8.00 10
51 or older 65 6.17 2.52 0.31 1 5.0 6.0 8.00 10

Approach by Years of Experience

Figure 12: Approach to Social and Human Rights scores across years of experience categories (±1 SE; non-overlapping SE bars suggest statistically significant differences).
Table 10: Descriptive statistics for Approach to Social and Human Rights by years of experience (SD = Standard Deviation; SE = Standard Error).
Years of Experience
Descriptive Statistics
Years of Experience N Mean SD SE Min Q1 Median Q3 Max
5 or less 23 6.26 2.16 0.45 2 4.5 7 8 10
6–10 51 6.76 2.23 0.31 1 5.5 7 8 10
11–20 114 5.80 2.62 0.25 1 4.0 6 8 10
21 or more 51 6.47 2.50 0.35 1 5.0 7 8 10

Approach by Residence Region

Figure 13: Approach to Social and Human Rights scores across residence regions ((±1 SE; non-overlapping SE bars suggest statistically significant differences).
Table 11: Descriptive statistics for Approach to Social and Human Rights by residence region (SD = Standard Deviation; SE = Standard Error).
Residence Region
Descriptive Statistics
Residence Region N Mean SD SE Min Q1 Median Q3 Max
Asia 12 6.75 2.14 0.62 4 5.00 7.0 8.0 10
Australia 33 5.82 2.16 0.38 2 5.00 6.0 7.0 10
Canada 10 6.10 3.25 1.03 1 4.50 6.5 8.0 10
Europe/UK 75 6.37 2.44 0.28 1 5.00 7.0 8.0 10
Latin America 34 5.91 2.14 0.37 1 5.00 5.0 8.0 10
Other 5 6.20 1.92 0.86 4 5.00 6.0 7.0 9
Sub-Saharan Africa 59 6.24 2.84 0.37 1 4.00 6.0 8.5 10
USA 12 6.67 2.90 0.84 1 5.75 7.0 9.0 10

Approach by Education Categories

Figure 14: Approach to Social and Human Rights scores across education categories (±1 SE). Scale: 1 = Very low, 10 = Very high.
Table 12: Descriptive statistics for Approach to Social and Human Rights by education category (SD = Standard Deviation; SE = Standard Error).
Education Category
Descriptive Statistics
Education Category N Mean SD SE Min Q1 Median Q3 Max
Bachelor's 45 6.09 2.41 0.36 1 5 6 8 10
Master's 173 6.25 2.50 0.19 1 5 6 8 10
Doctoral 33 5.91 2.55 0.44 1 4 6 8 10

Approach by Employment Status

Figure 15: Approach to Social and Human Rights scores across employment status categories (±1 SE; non-overlapping SE bars suggest statistically significant differences).
Table 13: Descriptive statistics for Approach to Social and Human Rights by employment status (SD = Standard Deviation; SE = Standard Error).
Employment Status
Descriptive Statistics
Employment Status N Mean SD SE Min Q1 Median Q3 Max
Employed full-time 154 6.26 2.44 0.20 1 5 6.5 8.00 10
Employed part-time 18 6.83 2.60 0.61 2 5 6.0 9.75 10
Out of work and looking for work 12 5.00 3.13 0.90 1 2 5.0 7.00 10
Self-employed 45 6.62 2.34 0.35 1 5 7.0 8.00 10

Approach by Sector of Activity

Figure 16: Approach to Social and Human Rights scores across sector of activity categories (±1 SE; non-overlapping SE bars suggest statistically significant differences).
Table 14: Descriptive statistics for Approach to Social and Human Rights by sector of activity (SD = Standard Deviation; SE = Standard Error).
Sector of Activity
Descriptive Statistics
Sector of Activity N Mean SD SE Min Q1 Median Q3 Max
Consultancy 86 6.49 2.53 0.27 1 5.00 7.0 8 10
Energy 32 6.09 2.64 0.47 1 5.00 6.0 8 10
Financial Institution 17 5.88 1.54 0.37 3 5.00 6.0 7 8
Government 13 6.92 2.06 0.57 4 5.00 7.0 8 10
Mining and Metals 53 5.76 2.36 0.33 1 4.25 5.5 7 10
NGO & Foundation 20 6.95 2.63 0.59 2 5.00 7.5 9 10

Job Performance

Job performance is a multidimensional construct reflecting both the quantity and quality of work output. Performance is conceptualized not merely as time invested but productive time, distinguishing between hours formally scheduled, hours physically present, and the substantive value generated during those hours (for more details see Kessler, R.C., Barber, C., Beck, A., Berglund, P., Cleary, P.D., McKenas, D., Pronk, N., Simon, G., Stang, P. and Ustun, T.B. (2003) “The world health organization health and work performance questionnaire (HPQ),” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 45(2), pp. 156–174).

In our study job performance was measured using three items from the Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (HPQ): two items for the alignment between contracted and actual hours worked and one item for self-rated effectiveness relative to peer benchmarks on a continuum from minimally acceptable to exemplary performance.

Figure 17: Distribution of perceived job performance (scale: 1 = Worst possible performance, 10 = Best possible performance).
Table 15: Descriptive statistics for perceived job performance (scale: 1 = Worst possible performance, 10 = Best possible performance).
Variable N Mean SD Min Q1 Median Q3 Max
Perceived Job Performance 281 7.33 1.55 2 7 8 8 10

Figure 18: Contracted and effective working hours per week (reference line at 48 hours per week the International Labour Organization (ILO) threshold for excessive working time).
Table 16: Descriptive statistics for contracted and effective working hours in hours per week.
Variable N Mean SD Min Q1 Median Q3 Max
Contracted Hours 281 34.4 11.7 1 31.5 40 40 50
Effective Hours 281 38.6 12.4 1 35.0 40 50 50
Note: Note: 48 hours per week represents the International Labour Organization (ILO) threshold for excessive working time.

Perceived Performance by Gender

Figure 19: Perceived performance scores across Gender (±1 SE; non-overlapping SE bars suggest statistically significant differences).

Perceived Performance by Age Categories

Figure 20: Perceived performance scores across age categories (±1 SE; non-overlapping SE bars suggest statistically significant differences).
Table 17: Descriptive statistics for Perceived Performance by age category (SD = Standard Deviation; SE = Standard Error).
Age Category
Descriptive Statistics
Age Category N Mean SD SE Min Q1 Median Q3 Max
35 or younger 28 6.82 1.96 0.37 2 5 7 8 10
36–50 162 7.29 1.63 0.13 2 7 8 8 10
51 or older 67 7.66 1.01 0.12 5 7 8 8 10

Perceived Performance by Years of Experience

Figure 21: Perceived performance scores across years of experience categories (±1 SE; non-overlapping SE bars suggest statistically significant differences).
Table 18: Descriptive statistics for Perceived Performance by years of experience (SD = Standard Deviation; SE = Standard Error).
Years of Experience
Descriptive Statistics
Years of Experience N Mean SD SE Min Q1 Median Q3 Max
5 or less 23 6.61 1.88 0.39 3 5 7 8 10
6–10 52 7.33 1.40 0.19 3 7 8 8 9
11–20 117 7.30 1.71 0.16 2 7 8 8 10
21 or more 51 7.65 1.05 0.15 5 7 8 8 10

Perceived Performance by Residence Region

Figure 22: Perceived performance scores across residence regions (±1 SE; non-overlapping SE bars suggest statistically significant differences).
Table 19: Descriptive statistics for Perceived Performance by residence region (SD = Standard Deviation; SE = Standard Error).
Residence Region
Descriptive Statistics
Residence Region N Mean SD SE Min Q1 Median Q3 Max
Asia 11 7.45 1.63 0.49 4 7.50 8 8 10
Australia 33 6.85 1.30 0.23 4 7.00 7 8 9
Canada 10 6.70 2.00 0.63 2 6.25 7 8 9
Europe/UK 76 7.04 1.47 0.17 3 6.00 7 8 10
Latin America 36 7.39 1.38 0.23 5 7.00 8 8 10
Other 5 6.80 1.64 0.73 4 7.00 7 8 8
Sub-Saharan Africa 59 8.15 1.37 0.18 4 8.00 8 9 10
USA 12 7.42 1.56 0.45 4 7.00 8 8 10

Perceived Performance by Education Categories

Figure 23: Perceived performance scores across education categories (±1 SE; non-overlapping SE bars suggest statistically significant differences).
Table 20: Descriptive statistics for Perceived Performance by education category (SD = Standard Deviation; SE = Standard Error).
Education Category
Descriptive Statistics
Education Category N Mean SD SE Min Q1 Median Q3 Max
Bachelor's 46 7.35 1.40 0.21 4 7 7 8 10
Master's 173 7.32 1.55 0.12 2 7 8 8 10
Doctoral 33 7.24 1.73 0.30 2 7 7 8 10

Perceived Performance by Employment Status

Figure 24: Perceived performance scores across employment status categories (±1 SE; non-overlapping SE bars suggest statistically significant differences).
Table 21: Descriptive statistics for Perceived Performance by employment status (SD = Standard Deviation; SE = Standard Error).
Employment Status
Descriptive Statistics
Employment Status N Mean SD SE Min Q1 Median Q3 Max
Employed full-time 156 7.44 1.56 0.13 2 7 8 8 10
Employed part-time 18 7.33 1.37 0.32 5 7 7 8 10
Out of work and looking for work 12 6.58 1.62 0.47 4 5 7 8 8
Self-employed 47 7.45 1.18 0.17 4 7 8 8 10

Perceived Performance by Sector of Activity

Figure 25: Perceived performance scores across sector of activity categories (±1 SE; non-overlapping SE bars suggest statistically significant differences).
Table 22: Descriptive statistics for Perceived Performance by sector of activity (SD = Standard Deviation; SE = Standard Error).
Sector of Activity
Descriptive Statistics
Sector of Activity N Mean SD SE Min Q1 Median Q3 Max
Consultancy 86 7.27 1.48 0.16 3 7 7.0 8 10
Energy 32 7.69 1.40 0.25 4 7 8.0 9 10
Financial Institution 17 6.59 1.37 0.33 3 6 7.0 7 8
Government 13 7.69 1.44 0.40 5 7 8.0 8 10
Mining and Metals 53 7.55 1.31 0.18 4 7 8.0 8 10
NGO & Foundation 20 7.20 1.36 0.30 5 6 7.5 8 10

Hours of Work by Gender

Figure 26: Hours of work across Gender (±1 SE; non-overlapping SE bars suggest statistically significant differences).

Hours of Work by Age Categories

Figure 27: Hours of work across age categories (±1 SE; non-overlapping SE bars suggest statistically significant differences).
Table 23: Descriptive statistics for contracted and effective work hours by age category (SD = Standard Deviation; SE = Standard Error).
Hour Type
Age Category
Descriptive Statistics
Hour Type Age Category N Mean SD SE Min Q1 Median Q3 Max
Contracted Hours 35 or younger 28 36.2 10.0 1.9 4 38.0 40.0 40.0 45
Contracted Hours 36–50 155 34.7 11.2 0.9 1 32.0 40.0 40.0 50
Contracted Hours 51 or older 64 32.4 13.5 1.7 1 24.8 37.0 40.0 50
Effective Hours 35 or younger 28 41.3 9.5 1.8 3 40.0 42.5 46.2 50
Effective Hours 36–50 155 38.7 12.4 1.0 1 37.0 40.0 50.0 50
Effective Hours 51 or older 64 37.7 13.8 1.7 1 30.0 40.0 50.0 50

Hours of Work by Years of Experience

Figure 28: Hours of work across years of experience categories (±1 SE; non-overlapping SE bars suggest statistically significant differences).
Table 24: Descriptive statistics for contracted and effective work hours by years of experience (SD = Standard Deviation; SE = Standard Error).
Hour Type
Years of Experience
Descriptive Statistics
Hour Type Years of Experience N Mean SD SE Min Q1 Median Q3 Max
Contracted Hours 5 or less 22 37.5 7.9 1.7 5 36.5 40 40.0 45
Contracted Hours 6–10 49 36.3 10.3 1.5 8 38.0 40 40.0 50
Contracted Hours 11–20 114 34.1 11.7 1.1 1 30.0 40 40.0 50
Contracted Hours 21 or more 49 32.2 13.5 1.9 1 24.0 37 40.0 50
Effective Hours 5 or less 22 38.8 8.6 1.8 15 32.8 40 44.8 50
Effective Hours 6–10 49 40.2 10.6 1.5 1 40.0 42 45.0 50
Effective Hours 11–20 114 38.8 13.1 1.2 1 35.8 41 50.0 50
Effective Hours 21 or more 49 38.6 13.4 1.9 2 30.0 40 50.0 50

Hours of Work by Residence Region

Figure 29: Hours of work across residence regions (±1 SE; non-overlapping SE bars suggest statistically significant differences).
Table 25: Descriptive statistics for contracted and effective work hours by residence region (SD = Standard Deviation; SE = Standard Error).
Hour Type
Residence Region
Descriptive Statistics
Hour Type Residence Region N Mean SD SE Min Q1 Median Q3 Max
Contracted Hours Asia 10 36.6 10.3 3.3 15 34.0 40 40.0 50
Contracted Hours Australia 33 34.2 7.8 1.4 5 32.0 38 40.0 40
Contracted Hours Canada 10 31.6 14.9 4.7 2 22.5 37 40.0 50
Contracted Hours Europe/UK 71 34.5 10.4 1.2 1 32.0 40 40.0 50
Contracted Hours Latin America 35 36.4 11.0 1.9 1 34.0 40 42.0 50
Contracted Hours Other 5 32.8 10.0 4.5 20 24.0 40 40.0 40
Contracted Hours Sub-Saharan Africa 57 32.1 15.4 2.0 5 14.0 40 40.0 50
Contracted Hours USA 11 38.8 3.4 1.0 30 40.0 40 40.0 42
Effective Hours Asia 10 40.4 6.6 2.1 24 40.0 40 43.2 50
Effective Hours Australia 33 37.1 14.1 2.5 1 30.0 40 50.0 50
Effective Hours Canada 10 40.5 11.7 3.7 20 32.5 45 50.0 50
Effective Hours Europe/UK 71 37.4 11.2 1.3 1 32.0 40 44.0 50
Effective Hours Latin America 35 40.7 13.4 2.3 1 40.0 45 50.0 50
Effective Hours Other 5 39.6 7.1 3.2 30 38.0 40 40.0 50
Effective Hours Sub-Saharan Africa 57 37.4 14.0 1.9 5 32.0 40 50.0 50
Effective Hours USA 11 47.1 4.3 1.3 40 44.0 50 50.0 50

Hours of Work by Education Categories

Figure 30: Hours of work across education categories (±1 SE; non-overlapping SE bars suggest statistically significant differences).
Table 26: Descriptive statistics for contracted and effective work hours by education category (SD = Standard Deviation; SE = Standard Error).
Hour Type
Education Category
Descriptive Statistics
Hour Type Education Category N Mean SD SE Min Q1 Median Q3 Max
Contracted Hours Bachelor's 45 35.6 10.4 1.5 5 37 40 40 48
Contracted Hours Master's 167 34.3 12.1 0.9 1 32 40 40 50
Contracted Hours Doctoral 30 32.8 10.7 2.0 14 24 38 40 50
Effective Hours Bachelor's 45 40.4 10.3 1.5 1 39 40 49 50
Effective Hours Master's 167 39.0 12.4 1.0 1 38 40 50 50
Effective Hours Doctoral 30 35.2 14.6 2.7 1 30 40 45 50

Hours of Work by Employment Status

Figure 31: Hours of work across employment status categories (±1 SE; non-overlapping SE bars suggest statistically significant differences).
Table 27: Descriptive statistics for contracted and effective work hours by employment status (SD = Standard Deviation; SE = Standard Error).
Hour Type
Employment Status
Descriptive Statistics
Hour Type Employment Status N Mean SD SE Min Q1 Median Q3 Max
Contracted Hours Employed full-time 152 37.3 10.1 0.8 5 38.0 40.0 40.0 50
Contracted Hours Employed part-time 18 28.3 9.5 2.2 10 24.0 29.0 32.0 48
Contracted Hours Out of work and looking for work 12 29.2 15.8 4.6 1 17.8 39.0 40.0 42
Contracted Hours Self-employed 42 30.3 12.6 1.9 1 21.8 32.0 40.0 50
Effective Hours Employed full-time 152 41.9 9.9 0.8 5 40.0 43.5 50.0 50
Effective Hours Employed part-time 18 30.3 10.0 2.4 7 30.0 31.0 35.0 50
Effective Hours Out of work and looking for work 12 29.6 20.0 5.8 1 9.2 40.0 45.8 50
Effective Hours Self-employed 42 36.1 13.5 2.1 2 30.0 40.0 48.8 50

Hours of Work by Sector of Activity

Figure 32: Hours of work across sector of activity categories (±1 SE; non-overlapping SE bars suggest statistically significant differences).
Table 28: Descriptive statistics for contracted and effective work hours by sector of activity (SD = Standard Deviation; SE = Standard Error).
Hour Type
Sector of Activity
Descriptive Statistics
Hour Type Sector of Activity N Mean SD SE Min Q1 Median Q3 Max
Contracted Hours Consultancy 82 33.0 11.2 1.2 5 24.2 37.0 40.0 50
Contracted Hours Energy 32 36.3 11.9 2.1 5 38.8 40.0 40.0 50
Contracted Hours Financial Institution 16 34.8 9.5 2.4 3 33.5 39.5 40.0 40
Contracted Hours Government 13 31.1 13.5 3.7 8 30.0 36.0 40.0 46
Contracted Hours Mining and Metals 51 38.9 7.2 1.0 8 39.0 40.0 40.0 50
Contracted Hours NGO & Foundation 19 34.8 11.1 2.5 1 35.0 40.0 40.0 44
Effective Hours Consultancy 82 37.5 11.7 1.3 4 30.5 40.0 47.2 50
Effective Hours Energy 32 40.6 12.9 2.3 1 40.0 44.5 50.0 50
Effective Hours Financial Institution 16 34.5 10.6 2.6 4 31.0 39.0 40.0 50
Effective Hours Government 13 32.5 16.9 4.7 5 15.0 36.0 50.0 50
Effective Hours Mining and Metals 51 43.5 9.7 1.4 1 40.0 47.0 50.0 50
Effective Hours NGO & Foundation 19 38.6 13.7 3.2 1 39.0 42.0 47.5 50